ARNULF, I

Other Events and Attributes:

• Royalty & Nobility: Count of Flanders
• Name: Arnulf the Great

Family/Spouse: VERMANDOIS, Adele of. Adele (daughter of VERMANDOIS, Herbert II and ADELE) was born before 915; died in 960. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 32 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Count of Flanders

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 31 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Count of Flanders

Family/Spouse: ITALY, Rozala of. Rozala was born in 950; died in 1003. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 30 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Count of Flanders
• Name: Baldwin the Bearded

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 29 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Count of Flanders
• Name: Count of Flanders BaldwinBaudouin V
• Birth: 19 Aug 1012, Flanders, Belgium
• Death: 1 Sep 1067, Lille, Flanders, Belgium

Baldwin married FRANCE, Adela of in 1028 in Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France. Adela (daughter of FRANCE, Robert II of and ARLES, Constance of) was born in 1009; died on 8 Jan 1079. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Matilda, the daughter of count Baldwin V of Flanders, was married between 1049 and 1053 to duke William (II) of Normandy, better known as William "the Conqueror", who became king of England by conquest in 1066. On Whitsunday (i.e., Pentecost, 11 May in that year) 1068, Matilda was consecrated as queen at Westminster by archbishop Ealdred

Birth:
Burges, Flanders, France

Matilda married WILLIAM, I in 1050 in Castle of Angi, France. I (son of NORMANDY, Robert I Magnificent and Living) was born on 14 Oct 1028 in Falaise, Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France; died on 9 Sep 1087 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France; was buried in Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 28 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Count of Hainaut and Flanders
• Name: Baldwin the Good

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 28 GGF
• Name: Henry Beauclerc
• Royalty & Nobility: Between 1100 and 1136; King of England and Duke of the Normans

Notes:

Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler, Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England and Normandy. In England, he drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxation, but also strengthened it with additional institutions, including the royal exchequer and itinerant justices. Normandy was also governed through a growing system of justices and an exchequer. Many of the officials who ran Henry's system were "new men" of obscure backgrounds rather than from families of high status, who rose through the ranks as administrators. Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform, but became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury,

Family/Spouse: PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND, Matilda. Matilda (daughter of SCOTLAND, Malcolm III of and SCOTLAND, Margaret of) was born in 1088; died on 1 May 1118; was buried in May 1118. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 27 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Between 1071 and 1098; Count of Hainaut

Notes:

Baldwin, sold some of his property to the Bishopric of Liège in order to take the cross in the First Crusade. In 1098 he was sent to Constantinople with Hugh of Vermandois after the siege of Antioch, to seek assistance from the Byzantine emperor. He disappeared during a raid by the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia, and was presumably killed.

Family/Spouse: LOUVAIN, Ida of. Ida (daughter of HENRY, II and Living) died in 1139. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Books About: Lady of the English by Elizabeth Chadwick
• Differentiator: Claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy.
• Relation to Me: 27 GGM
• Name: Matilda Maud Empress Of GERMANY
• Birth: 7 Feb 1102
• Royalty & Nobility: Between 7 Jan 1114 and 23 May 1125; Holy Roman Empress; German Queen; Queen of Italy
• Death: 10 Sep 1167

Notes:

The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband into Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St. Peter's Basilica, and acted as the imperial regent in Italy. Matilda and Henry had no children, and when Henry died in 1125, the crown was claimed by Lothair II, one of his political enemies.

On Henry V's death, Matilda was recalled to Normandy by her father, who arranged for her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou to form an alliance to protect his southern borders. Henry I had no further legitimate children and nominated Matilda as his heir, making his court swear an oath of loyalty to her and her successors, but the decision was not popular in the Anglo-Norman court. Henry died in 1135 but Matilda and Geoffrey faced opposition from the Norman barons and were unable to pursue their claims. The throne was instead taken by Matilda's cousin Stephen of Blois, who enjoyed the backing of the English Church.

In 1139 Matilda crossed to England to take the kingdom by force, supported by her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, and her uncle, King David I of Scotland, while Geoffrey focused on conquering Normandy. Matilda's forces captured Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, but the Empress's attempt to be crowned at Westminster collapsed in the face of bitter opposition from the London crowds. As a result of this retreat, Matilda was never formally declared Queen of England, and was instead titled the Lady of the English.

The war degenerated into a stalemate, with Matilda controlling much of the south-west of England, and Stephen the south-east and the Midlands. Large parts of the rest of the country were in the hands of local, independent barons. Matilda returned to Normandy, now in the hands of her husband, in 1148, leaving her eldest son to continue the campaign in England; he eventually succeeded to the throne as Henry II in 1154.

Empress married PLANTAGENET, Count of Anjou Geoffroy V on 22 May 1127 in Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France. Geoffroy (son of ANJOU, King of Jerusalem, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine Foulques V le Jeune Count of and DU MAINE, Ermengarde) was born on 24 Aug 1113 in Anjou, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France; died on 7 Sep 1151 in Loire, Rhône-Alpes, France; was buried in Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 29 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: 1st Earl of Gloucester
• Name: Robert Rufus, Robert de Caen, Robert Consul

Notes:

Illegitimate son of King Henry I of England. He was the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, and her chief military supporter during the civil war known as The Anarchy, in which she vied with Stephen of Blois for the throne of England.

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Royalty & Nobility: Earl of Cornwall
• Name: Reginald de Mortain; Reginald de Dunstanville; Reginald FitzHenry; Rainald

Notes:

Birth:
illegitimate son of Henry I through Sybil Corbet

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 26 GGF
• Name: Baudouin
• Royalty & Nobility: Between 1098 and 1120; Count of Hainault

III married Living [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Differentiator: Henry II appears as a character in several modern plays and films. He is a central character in James Goldman's 1966 play The Lion in Winter, set in 1183 and presenting an imaginary encounter between Henry's immediate family and Philip Augustus over Christmas at Chinon.
• Relation to Me: 26 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland
• Royalty & Nobility: King of England
• Name: Henry II Curtmantle Plantagenet
• Birth: 5 Mar 1133, Anjou, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France
• Death: 6 Jul 1189, Loire, Rhône-Alpes, France

Notes:

Henry was not a popular king and few expressed much grief on news of his death. Writing in the 1190s, William of Newburgh commented that "in his own time he was hated by almost everyone"; he was widely criticised by his own contemporaries, even within his own court. Many of the changes Henry introduced during his long rule, however, had major long-term consequences. His legal changes are generally considered to have laid the basis for English Common Law, with the Exchequer court a forerunner of the later Common Bench at Westminster. Henry's itinerant justices also influenced his contemporaries' legal reforms: Philip Augustus' creation of itinerant bailli, for example, clearly drew on the Henrician model. Henry's intervention in Brittany, Wales and Scotland also had a significant long-term impact on the development of their societies and governmental systems.

Family/Spouse: DE TOSNY, Ida. Ida (daughter of DE TONY, Ralph and LEICESTER, Margaret of) was born about 1155; died before 1221. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

II married OF AQUITAINE, Duchess of Acquitaine Eleanor on 18 May 1152 in Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France. Eleanor (daughter of AQUITAINE, Guillaume X of and DE CHATELLERAULT, Aenor) was born on 6 Dec 1122 in Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France; died on 1 Apr 1204 in Fontevraud Abbey, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France; was buried in Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 28 GGM
• Royalty & Nobility: Countess of Chester
• Name: Matilda

Notes:

In January 1141, Earl Ranulf and Countess Matilda were at Lincoln Castle when it was besieged by the forces of King Stephen of England. The following month, a relief army loyal to Empress Matilda and led by her father Robert earl of Gloucester defeated and captured the king in the fierce fighting, later known as the First Battle of Lincoln. In return for his help in repelling the king's troops, the countess's father compelled her husband to swear fealty to Empress Matilda, who was Earl Robert's half-sister.

Family/Spouse: DE GERNONS, Ranulph. Ranulph was born in 1099; died in 1153. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: DE BEAUMONT, Robert. Robert (son of DE BEAUMONT, Waleran IV and Living) was born in 1142; died in 1204 in Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Living married Living [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 25 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Earl of Salisbury

Notes:

Bastard son of King Henry II

Family/Spouse: SALISBURY, Ela of. Ela (daughter of FITZPATRICK, High Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset William and Living) was born in 1187; died in 1261. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 26 GU
• Royalty & Nobility: King of England
• Name: Lionheart

Richard married NAVARRE, Berengaria Princess of on 12 May 1191. Berengaria was born in 1163; died on 23 Dec 1230 in Abbey of L'Esau Le Mans Sarte, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Books About: King John Treachery and Tyranny
• Differentiator: King and signer of the Magna Carta
• Relation to Me: 25 GGF
• Name: John Lackland
• Royalty & Nobility: Between 6 Apr 1199 and 19 Oct 1216; King of England
• Magna Carta: 1215; King and signer of the Magna Carta

Notes:

John lost the Duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the current historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty.[3] These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends.

Died:
Newark Castle, Lincolnshire, England

Family/Spouse: DE WARENNE, Adela "Ela". Adela (daughter of DE WARENNE, Hamelin and DE WARENNE, Isabel) was born about 1170; died on 27 May 1240 in England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: ANGOULEME, Isabella of. Isabella (daughter of ANGOULEME, last Count of Angoulême of the House of Taillefer. Aymer of and COURTENAY, Alice of) was born in 1188; died on 4 Jun 1246. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 26 GU
• Royalty & Nobility: King of England

Other Events and Attributes:

• Royalty & Nobility: Princess of England, Queen of Castile and Toledo

Notes:

In 1170 Eleanor married King Alfonso VIII of Castile in Burgos.[1] Her parents' purpose in arranging the marriage was to secure Aquitaine's Pyrenean border, while Alfonso was seeking an ally in his struggles with Sancho VI of Navarre. In 1177, this led to Henry overseeing arbitration of the border dispute.[8]

Around the year 1200, Alfonso began to claim that the duchy of Gascony was part of Eleanor's dowry, but there is no documented foundation for that claim. It is highly unlikely that Henry II would have parted with so significant a portion of his domains. At most, Gascony may have been pledged as security for the full payment of his daughter's dowry. Her husband went so far on this claim as to invade Gascony in her name in 1205. In 1206, her brother John granted her safe passage to visit him, perhaps to try opening peace negotiations. In 1208, Alfonso yielded on the claim.[9] Decades later, their great-grandson Alfonso X of Castile would claim the duchy on the grounds that her dowry had never been fully paid.

Of all Eleanor of Aquitaine's daughters, her namesake was the only one who was enabled, by political circumstances, to wield the kind of influence her mother had exercised.[10] In her own marriage treaty, and in the first marriage treaty for her daughter Berengaria, Eleanor was given direct control of many lands, towns, and castles throughout the kingdom.[11] She was almost as powerful as Alfonso, who specified in his will in 1204 that she was to rule alongside their son in the event of his death, including taking responsibility for paying his debts and executing his will.[12] It was she who persuaded him to marry their daughter Berengaria to Alfonso IX of León. Troubadours and sages were regularly present in Alfonso VIII's court due to Eleanor's patronage.[13]

Eleanor took particular interest in supporting religious institutions. In 1179, she took responsibility to support and maintain a shrine to St. Thomas Becket in the cathedral of Toledo. She also created and supported the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, which served as a refuge and tomb for her family for generations, and its affiliated hospital.[14]

When Alfonso died, Eleanor was reportedly so devastated with grief that she was unable to preside over the burial. Their eldest daughter Berengaria instead performed these honours. Eleanor then went sick and died only twenty-six days after her husband, and was buried at Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas.[15]

Family/Spouse: CASTILE, Alfonso VIII of. Alfonso (son of CASTILE, Sancho III of and NAVARRE, Blanche of) was born on 11 Nov 1155; died on 5 Oct 1214. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Royalty & Nobility: Count of Meulan

Notes:

Died:
at the Siege of Acre during the Third Crusade

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Differentiator: Witnessed a charter for King Henry II
• Relation to Me: 24 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Knight of Flamstead, Hertfordhsire, South Tawton, Devon, Walthamstow, Essex, Necton, Norfolk, Paincastle, Radnorshire

Family/Spouse: LEICESTER, Margaret of. Margaret (daughter of Living and Living) died after 1185. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 24 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Justiciary of Ireland

Family/Spouse: DE RIDELISFORD, Emeline. Emeline (daughter of Living and Living) was born in 1220; died in 1276. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Royalty & Nobility: Earl of Salisbury

Family/Spouse: CAMVILLE, Idione. Idione (daughter of CAMVILLE, Richard and BASSET, Eustachia) was born in 1205; died in 1251. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Title: Son of King John I with his mistress

Richard married DE DOVER, Rohese in 1207 in Chilham, Kent, England. Rohese (daughter of DE DOVER, Fulbert Robert and DEBRIWERE, Isabel) was born in 1200 in Chilham, Kent, England; died in 1265 in Chilham, Kent, England; was buried in London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Books About: Henry III: The Great King England Never Knew It Had
• Books About: Henry III: The Rise to Power and Personal Rule, 1207-1258 (Volume 1) (The English Monarchs Series
• Books About: The Silken Rose
• Royalty & Nobility: King of England
• Name: Henry of Winchester

Family/Spouse: PROVENCE, Eleanor of. Eleanor (daughter of BERENGUER, Ramon IV and SAVOY, Beatrice of) was born in 1223; died on 24 Jun 1291. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: MARSHAL, Isabel. Isabel (daughter of MARSHAL, William and DE CLARE, Isabel) was born on 9 Oct 1200 in Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales; died on 17 Jan 1240 in Berkhampstead Castle, Hertfordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Books About: Ladies of the Magna Carta
• Name: Lady of Wales, Lady of Snowdon

Family/Spouse: IORWERTH, Llywelyn ap. Llywelyn (son of DRWYNDWN, Iorwerth and MADOG, Marared ferch) was born in 1173 in Aberffraw Castle, Anglesey, Wales; died on 11 Apr 1240 in Aberconwy Abbey, Nant Conwy, Arllechwedd Cantref, Gwynedd, Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: FRANCE, King of France King Louis VIII of. King (son of FRANCE, King of France King Philip II Augustus and OF HAINAUT, Isabelle) was born on 5 Sep 1187; died on 8 Nov 1226. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Royalty & Nobility: Queen of Castile and Toledo; Queen consort of Leon

Family/Spouse: LEON, Alfonso IX of. Alfonso (son of LEON, Ferdinand II of and PORTUGAL, Urraca of) was born on 15 Aug 1171; died on 24 Sep 1230. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Books About: For the King's Favor by Elizabeth Chadwick
• Books About: The Time of Singing by Elizabeth Chadwick
• Differentiator: Royal ward and mistress to King Henry II, mothering one of his illegitimate sons
• Relation to Me: 23 GGM
• Royalty & Nobility: Countess of Norfolk

Notes:

Before she was married, Ida was the mistress of King Henry II, by whom she was the mother of William Longspee, Knight and Earl of Salisbury

Ida de Tosny and her husband Roger are the main characters in Elizabeth Chadwick's The Time of Singing (Sphere, 2008), published in the USA as For the King's Favor. They appear as minor characters in other of her books set at the same time, notably To Defy a King, which concerns the marriage of their son Hugh to Maud, a daughter of William Marshal

Family/Spouse: HENRY, II. II (son of PLANTAGENET, Count of Anjou Geoffroy V and MATILDA, Empress) was born on 5 Mar 1133 in Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France; died on 6 Jul 1189 in Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Ida married LE BIGOD, Sir Knight Roger in 1181. Roger (son of BIGOD, Hugh and Living) was born in 1144; died before 2 Aug 1221. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: LA ZOUCHE, Sir Roger. Sir died in 1285. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: DE AUDLEY, James. James (son of Living and Living) was born in 1225; died on 11 Jun 1272. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Lorette married MARMION, Sir William in 1248 in Kent, England. Sir (son of MARMION, Robert VI "The Younger" Sir and TANFIELD, Avice de) was born in 1235 in Glanford Brigg, Winteringham, Lincolnshire, England; died in 1276 in Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Books About: A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain
• Royalty & Nobility: King of England
• Name: Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots

Family/Spouse: FRANCE, Margaret of. Margaret (daughter of FRANCE, King of France Phillip III of and BRABANT, Maria of) was born in 1279; died in 1318. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: CASTILE, Queen Consort of England, Coronation date Eleanor of. Eleanor (daughter of CASTILE, Ferdinand III of and DAMMARTIN, Joan of) was born in 1241 in Burgos, Castilla-Leon, Spain; died on 28 Nov 1290. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: OF ARTOIS, Blanche. Blanche (daughter of ARTOIS, Robert I Count of and Living) was born in 1248; died on 2 May 1302. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: SAINT OWEN, Joan. Joan was born in 1260; died in 1300. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Ellen ferch Llewelyn

Family/Spouse: DE QUINCY, Robert. Robert (son of DE QUINCY, Saer and BEAUMONT, Margaret) was born before 1200; died in Aug 1257. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Robert the Good

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Royalty & Nobility: King of France
• Name: Saint Louis

Notes:

Louis IX commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France, the ninth from the House of Capet, and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint.

Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian Crusade which had started 20 years earlier.

As an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of the most-powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England tried to restore his continental possessions, but was utterly defeated at the battle of Taillebourg. His reign saw the annexation of several provinces, notably Normandy, Maine and Provence.

Louis IX was a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king was the supreme judge to whom anyone could appeal to seek the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to prevent the private wars that were plaguing the country, and introduced the presumption of innocence in criminal procedure. To enforce the application of this new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs.

Following a vow he made after a serious illness and confirmed after a miraculous cure, Louis IX took an active part in the Seventh and Eighth Crusades. He died from dysentery during the latter crusade, and was succeeded by his son Philip III.

Louis's actions were inspired by Christian zeal and Catholic devotion. He decided to severely punish blasphemy (for which he set the punishment to mutilation of the tongue and lips),[1] gambling, interest-bearing loans and prostitution. He spent exorbitant sums on presumed relics of Christ, for which he built the Sainte-Chapelle, and he expanded the scope of the Inquisition and ordered the burning of Talmuds and other Jewish books. He is the only canonized king of France, and there are consequently many places named after him.

Died:
During his second crusade, Louis died of Dysentery

Family/Spouse: PROVENCE, Margaret of. Margaret was born in 1221; died on 20 Dec 1295. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: OF PROVENCE, Beatrice. Beatrice was born in 1229; died on 23 Sep 1267. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Royalty & Nobility: Between 31 Aug 1217 and 30 May 1252; King of Castile and Toledo

Family/Spouse: DAMMARTIN, Joan of. Joan was born in 1220; died on 16 Mar 1279. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Relation to Me: 25 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: Earl of Salisbury

Notes:

Bastard son of King Henry II

Family/Spouse: SALISBURY, Ela of. Ela (daughter of FITZPATRICK, High Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset William and Living) was born in 1187; died in 1261. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Books About: secondary character in For the King's Favor
• Books About: secondary character in The Time of Singing
• Books About: To Defy a King by Elizabeth Chadwick
• Differentiator: Magna Carta Baron
• Relation to Me: 22 GGF
• Royalty & Nobility: 3rd Earl of Norfolk
• Web Address: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_3rd_Earl_of_Norfolk
• Web Address: https://magnacarta800th.com/schools/biographies/the-25-barons-of-magna-carta/roger-bigod-and-hugh-bigod/
• Web Address: https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Bigod-1
• Residence: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, England; Primary family property
• Magna Carta: 1215; Hugh and his father joined in the baronial unrest which led to the signing of the Magna Carta, of which they were both Surety Barons
• _EXCM: 15 Jun 1215; By Pope Innocent III for his role in the Magna Carta rebellion

Notes:

Hugh le Bigod, born around 1182 and dying in 1225, was a member of the powerful early Norman Bigod family and played a crucial role in the events surrounding the Magna Carta. He was the eldest son of Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk, and Ida de Tosny.

Hugh's life was marked by his involvement in the baronial opposition against King John of England. In 1215, he was one of the twenty-five sureties of the Magna Carta, a document that sought to limit the powers of the king and establish certain legal protections. His role in this pivotal moment in history highlights his status and influence in the political landscape of the time.

Hugh married Maud Marshal, daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and Isabel de Clare, around 1206 or 1207. This union brought him closer to one of the most powerful families in England. Together, they had several children, including Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk, and Hugh Bigod, Justiciar of England.

Hugh succeeded to his father's estates, including Framlingham Castle, in 1221. He also inherited the positions of Steward of the royal household and warden of Romford Forest, Essex. His tenure as the 3rd Earl of Norfolk was marked by his continued involvement in the political affairs of the realm.

In the years 1221 to 1225, Hugh made various grants and took part in a campaign against Llewelyn of Wales in 1223. On 11 February 1224-5, he witnessed the confirmation of the Magna Carta. Hugh died shortly after, on 18 February 1225. His wife, Maud, survived him and later remarried William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey.

Hugh Bigod's life illustrates the complex interplay of power, loyalty, and rebellion in medieval England. His involvement in key historical events like the Magna Carta and his role as a surety baron reflect his significant role in the struggle for rights and governance during this period.

Family/Spouse: MARSHAL, Maud. Maud (daughter of MARSHAL, William and DE CLARE, Isabel) was born in 1192; died on 27 Mar 1248. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]